为什么要实施体重管理年？肥胖成为21世纪的全球危机

2025/3/21 1:50:11

全球肥胖危机日益严峻，据世卫组织数据，超10亿人受肥胖困扰...

全球肥胖危机日益严峻，据世卫组织数据，超10亿人受肥胖困扰，预计2035年将增至19亿，对个人健康及全球经济构成重大威胁。中国超半数成年人超重或肥胖，总数达6亿。如何应对这一“沉重”挑战，已成为全球关注的焦点。

The global obesity crisis has become one of the most pressing public health challenges of the 21st century.全球肥胖危机已经成为 21 世纪公共健康领域最严峻的挑战之一。According to 2022 data from the World Health Organization, over one billion people worldwide – roughly one in eight individuals – are now living with obesity.根据世界卫生组织 2022 年的数据，全球超过 10 亿人——约每八人中就有一人——正面临肥胖问题。The number continues to rise and is predicted to reach 1.9 billion by 2035.这一数字仍在上升，预计到 2035 年将达到 19 亿。Obesity is a leading risk factor for non-communicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers.肥胖是导致非传染性疾病的主要风险因素，包括 2 型糖尿病、心血管疾病和某些癌症。The World Obesity Federation warns that obesity-related illnesses could cost the global economy $4 trillion annually by 2035.世界肥胖联合会警告称，与肥胖相关的疾病可能在 2035 年给全球经济带来每年 4 万亿美元的损失。In China, over 50 percent of adults were overweight or obese as of 2020 data, totaling a staggering 600 million people – the highest figure globally.在中国，截至 2020 年的数据，超过 50%的成年人超重或肥胖，总人数高达 6 亿，居全球首位。Body mass index (BMI) is a common indicator to assess if a person"s weight is healthy for their height.体重指数（BMI）是评估一个人是否处于健康体重的常见指标。It is calculated by dividing weight (kg) by height squared (m2).其计算方法是用体重（千克）除以身高的平方（米2）。In China, a BMI of 24.0-27.9 kg/m2 is deemed overweight, and 28.0 kg/m2 or above is obese.在中国，BMI 在 24.0-27.9 kg/m2之间被视为超重，28.0 kg/m2及以上则为肥胖。"If all these people were to seek treatment at hospitals, it would pose a significant challenge to the healthcare system," said Dr Zhang Peng, director of metabolic and bariatric surgery at Beijing Friendship Hospital.“如果所有这些人都前往医院寻求治疗，将对医疗系统构成巨大挑战，”北京友谊医院代谢与减重外科主任张鹏医生表示。"Projections indicate that by 2030,22 percent of the country"s healthcare expenditures will be linked to obesity," he added.“预测显示，到 2030 年，肥胖相关的医疗支出将占全国医疗总支出的 22%。”"Obesity can stem from a variety of factors, including family clustering of obesity, stress-related eating, a sedentary lifestyle, high-calorie food choices and the traditional perception associating excess weight with wealth," said Zhang.“肥胖的成因多种多样，包括家族性肥胖、压力性进食、久坐不动的生活方式、高热量饮食选择，以及传统观念中将体重与富裕程度挂钩的认知，”张鹏说道。Zhang noted that certain hormonal medications, underlying diseases and genetic mutations can also lead to obesity, but this kind of secondary obesity is relatively rare.张鹏指出，某些激素类药物、潜在疾病和基因突变也可能导致肥胖，但这种继发性肥胖相对较少见。The drivers of the crisis vary across different regions, and addressing it requires multisectoral actions, including rethinking food production and the healthcare system.肥胖危机的成因因地区而异，解决这一问题需要多部门协作，包括重新思考食品生产方式和医疗体系。Zhang emphasized that obesity prevention measures need to be deeply integrated into communities.张鹏强调，肥胖预防措施需要深入融入社区。"We must guide the public to adopt a healthy lifestyle to prevent obesity, help those who have already gained weight to avoid developing diseases and encourage those who have developed diseases due to obesity to actively seek medical treatment," he added.“我们必须引导公众养成健康的生活方式以预防肥胖，帮助已经超重的人避免发展成疾病，并鼓励因肥胖导致疾病的人积极寻求医疗干预。”Responses in China中国的应对措施China has ramped up efforts to combat the obesity crisis in recent years through a multifaceted approach blending top-down policy, healthcare innovation and cultural shifts.近年来，中国通过自上而下的政策、医疗创新和文化变革相结合的多层次方法，加大了应对肥胖危机的力度。Under Healthy China 2030, a national health blueprint published in 2016, the country prioritized obesity prevention by promoting improved nutrition, physical activity and public education.在 2016 年发布的《“健康中国 2030”规划纲要》中，国家将肥胖预防作为重点，倡导改善营养、增加运动和加强公众教育。Key targets include halting the rise in obesity rates among children and adolescents by 2030.主要目标包括在 2030 年前遏制儿童和青少年的肥胖率上升。In 2019, a follow-up plan detailing the full implementation and evaluation of the blueprint was released, providing technological support through expert teams and outlining key tasks.2019 年，国家发布了后续计划，详细说明了该纲要的全面实施和评估，并通过专家团队提供技术支持，明确了重点任务。China has also updated its dietary guidelines to emphasize reduced intake of salt, oil and sugar, while encouraging greater consumption of whole grains, vegetables and plant-based proteins.此外，中国更新了膳食指南，强调减少盐、油和糖的摄入，同时鼓励增加全谷物、蔬菜和植物蛋白的消费。To boost physical activity, the government has expanded public sports infrastructure.为了促进体育锻炼，政府扩大了公共体育基础设施。As of the end of 2023, there were a total of 4.6 million sports venues in China, with an average of 2.9 square meters of sports venue area per person.截至 2023 年底，全国共有 460 万个体育场馆，人均体育场地面积达到 2.9 平方米。For childhood obesity, China has introduced strict measures, including restrictions on junk food advertising to children and bans on high-sugar snack sales in schools.针对儿童肥胖问题，中国出台了严格措施，包括限制针对儿童的垃圾食品广告，并禁止学校销售高糖零食。Students are now required to exercise for at least one hour daily during school hours.学生现在必须在校期间每天至少锻炼一小时。With obesity rates surging, many public hospitals have opened specialized obesity clinics to meet the growing demand for medical interventions.随着肥胖率的上升，许多公立医院开设了专门的肥胖门诊，以满足日益增长的医疗需求。Additionally, China has released multiple clinical guidelines to standardize obesity diagnosis and treatment, as well as to establish multidisciplinary care pathways.此外，中国发布了多项临床指南，以规范肥胖的诊断和治疗，并建立多协作的治疗路径。Challenges ahead未来的挑战Zhang stated that the 2024 National Obesity Diagnosis and Treatment Guideline establishes detailed grading criteria for diagnosis and treatment, including lifestyle interventions, medication and surgical options.张鹏表示，2024 年《国家肥胖诊疗指南》制定了详细的分级诊断和治疗标准，包括生活方式干预、药物治疗和手术方案。"We increasingly recognize the critical role of multidisciplinary collaboration in obesity treatment.“我们越来越认识到多协作在肥胖治疗中的关键作用。”At the same time, doctors must shift their mindset and work with patients to develop personalized plans, which should be based upon shared decision-making between physicians and patients – only those that patients can adhere to will be effective," he explained.“同时，医生必须转变观念，与患者共同制定个性化方案，这些方案应基于医患共同决策，只有患者能够坚持的方案才会真正有效。”Zhang highlighted systemic gaps in China"s healthcare approach.张鹏指出，中国医疗体系在肥胖治疗方面仍存在系统性不足。"A key issue is the lack of specialized obesity training.“一个关键问题是缺乏专门的肥胖培训。”Medical schools and residency programs do not offer dedicated courses and programs, leading to inconsistent advice from doctors," Zhang said.“医学院和住院医师培训项目没有专门的课程和培训，导致医生给出的建议不够统一。”"In hospitals, multiple departments run their own weight-loss clinics without a unified strategy.“在医院里，多个科室各自开设减重门诊，但缺乏统一的策略。”Patients receive conflicting treatment plans, leaving them unsure whose advice to follow," he added.“患者得到的治疗方案相互矛盾，导致他们不知道该听从谁的建议。”He also noted that obesity-related stigma often originates within families, where overweight members face open criticism.他还指出，肥胖相关的污名化往往源自家庭，超重的家庭成员可能会遭受直接的批评。"Overweight students may face discrimination from teachers and peers, particularly if they struggle academically.“超重的学生可能会受到老师和同学的歧视，尤其是在学业表现不佳的情况下。”These students need support, not judgment," he said.“这些学生需要的是支持，而不是指责。”综合来源：每日英语听力丨双语精读